Looking for a particular species? Either search for it in the search bar or skim through this post by taxonomy! It is broken down by:
Phylum
Class
Order
and finally, Family.
If you are good with taxonomy, this is a fun way to skim through, looking for your favourite taxonomic groups. If you're not good with taxonomy, this is a way to get better with it! One small note though: I am arranging them alphabetically within a taxon, not by relatedness. This is purely for ease (for both me and you). Otherwise, enjoy the animals!
Measurements: This is the smallest species of
the order Carnivora.Weight 30-250 g, head-body
length 11.4-26 cm, tail length 7-9 cm.Males are 10-20% longer than females and weigh 50-100% more than
females.
Description: Long and
skinny with short legs.Brown on top,
white to yellow (often with spots) underneath during summer.Winter colouration in colder climes changes
to all white, but remains the same as summer colouration in warmer areas.
For a mustelid, the tail is proportionally short.
Native range: Afghanistan, Albania, Andorra,
Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina,
Bulgaria, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia,
Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Korea, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Turkey,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, and Uzbekistan
Introduced to: New Zealand, Malta, Crete, The
Azores, and Sao Tomé
Habitat: Found in many habitats: open
forests, fields, prairies, scrub, semi-deserts, and even coastal dunes. They
are not found in dense forest or sandy deserts.
IUCN conservation status: Least concern
Movements: There are no seasonal movements.Young animals can disperse large distances in
the search for a territory.
Diet: Primarily eats small rodents, but when those are
scarce will eat young lagomorphs (like rabbits), birds and their eggs &
nestlings, insects, small reptiles, amphibians, fish, and larger rodents.
Social organisation: Least weasels are solitary apart
from breeding and are very territorial.
Voice/sounds: They make hisses, chirps,
squeaks, squeals, and trills; listen to them here: 123
Breeding behaviour: Females give birth to young in
dens and raise them without the help of the male.Least weasels appear to be promiscuous.
Breeding season: May happen throughout the year
but is primarily in spring through summer.
Number of offspring: 1-12
(usually 4-7)
Gestation period: 34-37 days
Growth of young: They weigh 1.1-1.7 g at birth and
are blind, deaf, and naked.Eyes and
ears open during their 4th week, weaning starts at about a month old
and is completed 11/2-31/2 weeks later when they are
50-60 g, the young leave by 9-12 weeks old, and they are sexually mature at 3
months.
General behaviour: They will have several dens which
they take from their prey (they do not dig their own).They will often cache excess food either in a
side tunnel of their den or somewhere near where the prey was killed.This species is so small that it can chase
most of its prey down into their own burrows.
This video, while overly dramatic, shows a least weasel (Mustela nivalis) in action, as well as giving you an idea of their small size. The least weasel part of the video starts at 26 minutes and 35 seconds in.
References:
Deanesly,
R.(1944).The reproductive cycle of the female weasel (Mustela nivalis).Proceedings
of the Zoological Society of London, 114, 339-349.
East, K.,
& Lockie, J.D.(1965).Further observations on weasels (Mustela nivalis) and stoats (Mustela erminea) born in captivity.Proceedings
of the Zoological Society of London, 147, 234-238.
Erlinge,
S.(1974).Distribution, territoriality and numbers of
the weasel Mustela nivalis in
relation to prey abundance.Oikos, 25, 308-314.
Erlinge,
S.(1975).Feeding habits of the weasel Mustela nivalis in relation to prey
abundance.Oikos, 26, 378-384.
Gillingham,
B.J.(1984).Meal size and feeding rate in the least
weasel (Mustela nivalis).Journal
of Mammalogy, 65, 517-519.
Hayssen,
V., van Tienhoven, A., & van Tienhoven, A.(1993).Asdell's patterns of mammalian reproduction: A compendium of
species-specific data.Ithaca:
Comstock Publishing Associates.
Heidt,
G.A.(1972).Anatomical and behavioral aspects of killing
and feeding by the least weasel, Mustela
nivalis L.Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, 26, 53-54.
Heidt,
G.A., & Huff, J.N.(1970).Ontogeny of vocalization in the least
weasel.Journal of Mammalogy, 51, 385-386.
Heidt,
G.A., Petersen, M.K., & Kirkland, G.L., Jr.(1968).Mating behavior and
development of least weasels (Mustela
nivalis) in captivity.Journal of Mammalogy, 49, 413-419.
Hill,
M.(1939).The reproductive cycle of the male weasel (Mustela nivalis).Proceedings
of the Zoological Society of London, 109, 481-512.
Huff,
J.N., & Price, E.O.(1968).Vocalizations of the least weasel, Mustela nivalis.Journal
of Mammalogy, 49, 548-550.
International
Union for Conservation of Nature.The
IUCN Red List for endangered species. (2018).http://iucnredlist.org.
King,
C.M.(1975).The home range of the weasel (Mustela nivalis) in an English
woodland.Journal of Animal Ecology, 44, 639-668.
King,
C.M.(1980).The weasel Mustela nivalis and its prey in an English woodland.Journal
of Animal Ecology, 49, 127-159.
King,
C.M.(1980).Population biology of the weasel Mustela nivalis on British game
estates.HolarcticEcology, 3,
160-168.
King,
C.M.(2017).The history of transportations of stoats (Mustela erminea) and weasels (M. nivalis) to New Zealand,
1883-92.International Review of Environmental History, 3, 51-87.
King,
C.M.(2017).Liberation and spread of stoats (Mustela erminea) and weasels (M. nivalis) in New Zealand,
1883-1920.New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 41, 163-177.
Moors,
P.J.(1975).The food of weasels (Mustela nivalis) on farmland in north-east Scotland.Journal
of Zoology, 177, 455-461.
Moors,
P.J.(1977).Studies of the metabolism, food consumption
and assimilation efficiency of a small carnivore, the weasel (Mustela nivalis L.).Oecologia,
27, 185-202.
Polder,
E.(1968).Spotted skunk and weasel populations den and
cover usage by northeast Iowa.Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science,
75, 142-146.
Rodrigues,
M, Bos, A.R., Schembri, P.J., Lima, R.F. de, Lymberakis, P., Parpal, L., Cento,
M., Ruette, S., Ozkurt, S.O., Santos-Reis, M., Merilä, M., & Fernandes,
C.(2017).Origin and introduction history of the least
weasel (Mustela nivalis) on Mediterranean and Atlantic islands inferred from
genetic data.Biological Invasions, 19,
399-421.
Strang,
K., Castro, I., Blunden, G., & Shepherd, L.(2017).The diet of weasels
(Mustela nivalis vulgaris) from Purerua Peninsula, Bay of Islands, New Zealand.New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 45, 83-90.
Tapper,
S.(1979).The effect of fluctuating vole numbers (Microtis agrestis) on a population of
weasels (Mustela nivalis) on
farmland.Journal of Animal Ecology, 48, 603-617.
Wilson,
D.E., & Mittermeier, R.A. editors.(2009).Handbook of the mammals of the world. Volume 1: Carnivores.Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), photo by JJ Harrison
Scientific name: Oryctolagus cuniculus
Common name: European rabbit
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Lagomorpha
Family: Leporidae
Other common names: Old World rabbit, domestic
rabbit, lapin de garenne, conejo, conejo europeo, conill de bosc, konijn,
kaniini, Europäisches wildkaninchen, kaninchen, coniglio selvatico, conilh,
lapin, coelho-bravo, Кролик европейский дикий
Measurements: Weigh 1350-2250 g, head-body
length is 350-450 mm, and tail length is 40-70 mm.
Description: Brown to grey rabbit with white
underparts (including under tail & inner legs) & thin black ear edging.
Native range: Algeria, France, Gibraltar,
Morocco, Portugal, & Spain
Introduced to: Albania, Argentina, Australia,
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Falkland
Islands, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Namibia,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation,
Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, &
United States
Habitat: Prefers oak savannah or scrub
with a lot of cover mixed with open areas where they can find food but can live
in most habitats if grass is present. Found up to 1500 m elevation.
IUCN conservation status: Near threatened
Movements: After the young disperse (and
many don't), they do not leave their territories.
Diet: Grasses & other herbaceous plants.Will eat bark & twigs of woody plants in
a pinch.
Social organisation: They are highly territorial and
usually live in groups; in densely populated areas groups usually consist of a
dominant male, several females, and potentially a number of subordinate males
which live on the outside edges of the group, while in less populated areas
groups will often be only 2-3 rabbits, or even solitary animals occasionally.A typical warren of tunnels is dug which may
be up to 3 m underground, with 15 cm tunnels and 30-60 cm high living chambers
and may spread to over 45 m long with a series of entrances, although territories
of different groups can overlap to form very large warrens composed of huge
numbers of smaller groups; for example, one colony of 407 rabbits had 2,080 warren
entrances.
Social behaviour: They warn each other about danger
by thumping their hind feet on the ground.Males will fight other males for territories, and females will fight
other females for better spots for nursery dens.
Voice/sounds: Generally very quiet, although
they scream when caught by predators, make a defensive grunting, and thump
their back feet on the ground as an alarm call.Listen to the grunting here.
Breeding behaviour: The doe (female) either digs an
offshoot to an established warren or digs a separate burrow for the den about 1
m long, the entrance of which she fills in with soil every time she leaves.
Breeding season: Breeding peaks in spring, but in
ideal climates they may breed for as much as nine months of the year.They will usually breed again immediately
after giving birth, which coupled with its short gestation period gives this
species the potential for massive offspring production in comfortable climates.
Number of offspring: 1-14 (usually 4-6)
Gestation period: 28-33 days
Growth of young: Newborns are naked, blind, deaf,
weigh ~30-50 g, and ~110-135 mm long.The
doe returns to the nest only once per night for a few minutes, unless the pups
make distress calls in which case she will return.The young open their eyes at 10 days, leave
the nest at 20-21 days old, and are then weaned shortly after.They reach sexual maturity at 3-4 months of
age.
Other notes: This is the species from which domesticated
rabbits originated.Although they have
been introduced to many countries as a game animal where they have now become a
pest species, in their native lands their numbers are decreasing, hence their
IUCN conservation status.
Here is a documentary on the European rabbit, with an emphasis on Australia but covering all of its history. The title scene is rough but it improves quickly after that.
References:
Boyd,
I.L.(1985).Investment in growth by pregnant wild rabbits
in relation to litter size and sex of the offspring.Journal
of Animal Ecology, 54, 137-147.
Chapman,
J.A., & Flux, J.E.C.(1990).Rabbits,
hares and pikas: Status survey and conservation action plan.Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
Delibes-Mateos,
M., Delibes, M., Ferreras, P., & Villafuerte, R.(2008).Key role of European rabbits in the conservation of the Western
Mediterranean Basin hotspot.Conservation Biology, 22, 1106-1117.
Ferreira,
C.(2012).European rabbit research in the Iberian
Peninsula: state of the art and future perspectives.European
Journal of Wildlife Research, 58, 885-895.
Hayssen,
V., van Tienhoven, A., & van Tienhoven, A.(1993).Asdell's patterns of mammalian reproduction: A compendium of
species-specific data.Ithaca:
Comstock Publishing Associates.
International
Union for Conservation of Nature.The
IUCN Red List for endangered species. (2018).http://iucnredlist.org.
Lockley,
R.M.(1975).The
private life of the rabbit.New
York: Avon Books.
Lombardi,
L., Fernández, N., Moreno, S., & Villafuerte, R.(2003).Habitat-related differences in rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) abundance,
distribution, and activity.Journal of Mammalogy, 84, 26-36.
Nowak,
R.(1991).Walker's
mammals of the world (5th ed.).John
Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. Palomares, F., Delibes, M., Revilla, E., Calzada, J., & Fedriani, J.M. (2001). Spatial ecology of Iberian lynx and abundance of European rabbits in Southwestern Spain. The Wildlife Society: Amherst, MA.
Rödel,
H.G., Landmann, C., Starkloff, A., Kunc, H.P., & Hudson, R.(2013).Absentee mothering- not so absent?Responses of European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) mothers to pup
distress calls.Ethology, 119, 1024-1033.
Measurements: Weigh 3-14 kg, 455-900 mm head-body
length, & 300-555 mm tail length.Males tend to be larger than females.
Description: 65% are pale yellow-red to
red-brown on their top and sides with white, ashy, or slate bellies, black
lower legs, & white or black-tipped tail; 25% (called cross foxes) are
similar to darker individuals of normal colouration but with a black cross on
the shoulder; 10% (called silver foxes) are silver to black in colour.
Native range: Possibly the most naturally
widespread mammal species apart from humans.Native to Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Austria,
Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bhutan, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria,
Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Faeroe
Islands, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Greenland,
Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan,
Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Myanmar,
Nepal, Netherlands, North Korea, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal,
Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sudan, Svalbard & Jan Mayen, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Tajikstan, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom,
United States, Vatican City, & Yemen.
Extinct in: Probably extinct in South Korea.
Introduced to: Australia
Habitat: Red foxes are found in virtually
all habitats except extreme desert (including urban areas), from sea level to
4500m elevation, but prefer dry mixed habitats with plenty of forest/bush
bordering with more open habitats.
IUCN conservation status:Least concern
Movements: They do not take part in
migrations, only small-scale local movements.
Diet: Omnivorous; mostly rodents & lagomorphs
(rabbits, hares, pikas) up to 3-5 kg, invertebrates, & fruit; also eats carrion
& ground-nesting birds & their eggs.
Social organisation: During the breeding season they
can be found in pairs, or rarely a male with two females, but the males and females
split up after the cubs are on their own.Sometimes nonbreeding females might join a group to help a female raise her
offspring as well, but otherwise red foxes tend to avoid each other and
interactions will usually be aggressive but rarely physically.
Voice/sounds: Barks, whines, growls, "cough" vocalisations, and screams are all made; listen to them here.
Breeding behaviour: Red foxes are usually seasonally
monogamous (they stay with their partner for the breeding season), or more
rarely a male will breed with two females who may or may not share the same den.Dens are usually dug in either sandy soil or
in pastures or fields, will have a number of entrances (the main one will be
~40 cm high), and can be up to 22.5 m long.
Breeding season: Winter to spring
Number of offspring: 1-17 (usually 3-4)
Gestation period: 51-54 days
Growth of young: Cubs are 50-150 g, 150-219 mm
total length, have a dark grey coat, and have their eyes closed when born.Eyes open at three weeks old, they can walk
at three weeks, and they begin to be weaned at a month of age.Most disperse between six to twelve months of
age.They are sexually mature their
first breeding season, but in areas with high fox densities many do not produce
pups until the following year.
General behaviour: Usually nocturnal and crepuscular.Often rests above ground, but also sometimes
uses burrows.
Watch a short video of red foxes from www.arkive.org
References:
Ables,
E.D.(1969).Activity studies of red foxes in Southern
Wisconsin.The Journal of Wildlife Management, 33, 145-153.
Allen, S.H.(1984).Some aspects of reproductive performance in female red fox in North
Dakota.Journal of Mammalogy, 65, 246-255.
Ewer,
R.F.(1973).The carnivores.Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Hayssen,
V., van Tienhoven, A., & van Tienhoven, A.(1993).Asdell's patterns of
mammalian reproduction: A compendium of species-specific data.Ithaca: Comstock Publishing Associates.
Hewson,
R.(1986).Distribution and density of fox breeding dens
and the effects of management.Journal of Applied Ecology, 23, 531-538.
International
Union for Conservation of Nature.The
IUCN Red List for endangered species. (2018).http://iucnredlist.org.
Kolb,
H.H., & Hewson, R.(1980).The diet and growth of fox cubs in two
regions of Scotland.Acta Theriologica,
25, 325-331.
Linhart, S.B.(1968).Dentition and pelage in the juvenile red fox (Vulpes vulpes).Journal
of Mammalogy, 49, 526-528.
Macdonald,
D.W.(1979).'Helpers' in fox society.Nature,
282, 69-71.
Meia,
J.S., & Weber, J.M.(1993).Choice of resting sites by female foxes
Vulpes vulpes in a mountainous habitat.Acta Theriologica, 38, 81-91.
Newton-Fisher, N., Harris, S., White, P., & Jones, G. (1993). Structure and function of red fox Vulpes vulpes vocalisations. Bioacoustics, 5, 1-31.
Preston,
E.M.(1975).Home range defense in the red fox Vulpes
vulpes L.Journal of Mammalogy, 56, 645-652.
Sargeant,
A.B.(1972).Red fox spatial characteristics in relation
to waterfowl predation.The Journal of Wildlife Management, 36,
225-236.
Schantz,
T. von.(1981).Female cooperation, male competition, and
dispersal in the red fox Vulpes vulpes.Oikos, 37, 63-68.
Schantz,
T. von.(1984).'Non-breeders' in the red fox Vulpes vulpes:
a case of resource surplus.Oikos, 42, 59-65.
Sheldon,
W.G.(1950).Denning habits and home range of red foxes in
New York state.The Journal of Wildlife Management, 14, 33-42.
Storm,
G.L., & Ables, E.D.(1966).Notes on newborn and full-term wild red
foxes.Journal of Mammalogy, 47, 116-118.
Travaini,
A., Aldama, J.J., Laffitte, R., & Delibes, M.(1993).Home range and activity patterns of red fox Vulpes vulpes breeding
females.Acta Theriologica, 38, 427-434.
Weber,
J.M., Meia, J.S., & Aubry, S.(1994).Activity of foxes, Vulpes
vulpes, in the Swiss Jura mountains.Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 59,
9-13.
White,
P.C.L., & Harris, S.(1994).Encounters between red foxes (Vulpes vulpes):
implications for territory maintenance, social cohesion and dispersal.Journal
of Animal Ecology, 63, 315-327.
Wilson,
D.E., & Mittermeier, R.A. editors.(2009).Handbook of the mammals
of the world. Volume 1: Carnivores.Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
Other common names: Eurasian otter, European otter,
European river otter, Old World otter, loutre commune, loutre de rivière, loutre
d'Europe, nutria, nutria común, Eurasischer fischotter, kajka, lundra,
lundërza, lunza, vidra, Видра, llúdriga, shui-ta, 几勒布格, 水毛子, 水狗, 水獭,
獭, 獭猫, 祖衡,
纠困, 鱼猫, 几勒布格,
水毛子, 水狗, 水獭,
獭, 獭猫, 祖衡,
纠困, 鱼猫, odder, Euraziatische otter of visotter, saukko, Βίδρα,
Ευρωπαϊκή βίδρα, לוטרה, lontra, lontra commune, オッター, 수달, paprastoji ūdra, oter, loira
d'Euròpa, wydra europejska, wydra zwyczajna, Выдра, Выдра обыкновенная,
обыкновенная, порешня, речная выдра, utter, su samuru, Видра річкова, dyfrgi
Measurements: Males are 5.45-11.4 kg, 60-90 cm head-body length, and 36-47 cm tail length. Females are 3.36-7.6 kg, 59-70 cm head-body length, and 35-42 cm tail length. Males are about 50% larger than females.
Description: Upper parts brown, lower parts
pale grey, white, or brown.
Native range: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria,
Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bhutan,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hong
Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands,
North Korea, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation,
San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden,
Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia,
Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, and Viet Nam
Extinct in: Probably extinct in Japan
Habitat: Lakes, rivers, streams, swamps,
marshes, and coastal areas, found to over 3,600 m in elevation
IUCN conservation status: Near threatened
Movements: They do not make long distance
migrations, but will move within the local area between seasons to utilise different
habitats as they become more or less productive. They typically do not stray far from water.
Diet: Primarily fish, but also eats crustaceans,
amphibians, small mammals (including European rabbit), birds, and reptiles
Social organisation: These otters are typically
solitary, although females are sometimes seen in groups with either their own offspring
or with other females with their offspring.
Social behaviour: Aggressive interactions between
males over territories usually involve chasing and vocalisations, but very
rarely involve physical contact.
Sprainting (when otters leave a smelly pile of faeces at key locations
marking their territory; they are astonishingly pungent) tends to keep actual
interactions between adults rare. Females
show less aggression to each other and tend more to avoid each other, although sometimes
females which share a home range may play together. Individuals of opposite sexes will spend time
together hunting in areas with a lot of prey, as well as resting and playing,
but females with young will often avoid adult males due to the risk of
infanticide.
Voice/sounds: Whistles, squeals, coos, and huffs;
listen to them here
Breeding behaviour: Overlapping home ranges suggest
possible polygynous and/or polyandrous mating systems, but this has not been
studied. Pairs do not remain together,
spending several days around mating with each other and then separating. Holts (dens) are dug underground for the litter,
often with the opening underwater and the burrow extending up the bank until
the den proper opens out well above the level of high water in the area.
Breeding season: Summer and early autumn in
northern regions, winter and spring in warmer southern regions.
Number of offspring: 1-5 (usually 2-3)
Gestation period: 59-63 days
Growth of young: Babies are born small (100-120 g
and 12 cm long) and blind, after a month are 700-800 g and have opened their
eyes, and after 2 months old weight over 1,000 g and start eating solid
food. They reach sexual maturity in 2-3
years.
General behaviour: Primarily nocturnal and
crepuscular, but sometimes out during the day as well (particularly around the
coast).
References:
Carss,
D.N. (1995). Foraging behaviour and feeding ecology of the
otter Lutra lutra: A selective review. Hystrix, 7, 179-194.
Erlinge,
S. (1967). Home range of the otter Lutra lutra L. in
Southern Sweden. Oikos, 18, 186-209.
Erlinge,
S. (1968). Territoriality of the otter Lutra lutra
L. Oikos,
19, 81-98.
Erlinge,
S. (1968). Food studies on captive otters Lutra lutra
L. Oikos,
19, 259-270.
Ewer,
R.F. (1973). The carnivores. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Harris,
C.J. (1968). Otters: A study of the recent Lutrinae. London: Weidenfield and Nicolson.
Hayssen,
V., van Tienhoven, A., & van Tienhoven, A.
(1993). Asdell's patterns of
mammalian reproduction: A compendium of species-specific data. Ithaca: Comstock Publishing Associates.
Heggberget,
T.M., & Christensen, H. (1994). Reproductive timing in Eurasian otters on the
coast of Norway. Ecography, 17, 339-348.
International
Union for Conservation of Nature. The
IUCN Red List for endangered species. (2018).
http://iucnredlist.org.
Jenkins,
D., Walker, J.G.K., & McCowan, D.
(1979). Analyses of otter (Lutra
lutra) faeces from Deeside, N.E. Scotland.
Journal of Zoology, 187,
235-244.
Kruuk, H.,
& Moorhouse, A. (1991). The spatial organization of otters (Lutra
lutra) in Shetland. Journal of Zoology, 224, 41-57.
Nolet,
B.A., Wansink, D.E.H., & Kruuk, H.
(1993). Diving of otters (Lutra
lutra) in a marine habitat: Use of depths by a single-prey loader. Journal
of Animal Ecology, 62, 22-32.
Quaglietta,
L., Fonseca, V.C., Mira, A., & Boitani, L.
(2014). Sociospatial organization
of a solitary carnivore, the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra). Journal
of Mammalogy, 95, 140-150.
Ruiz-Olmo,
J., Olmo-Vidal, J.M., Mañas, S., & Batet, A. (2002).
The influence of resource seasonality on the breeding patterns of the Eurasian
otter (Lutra lutra) in Mediterranean habitats.
Canadian Journal of Zoology,
80, 2178-2189.
Wilson,
D.E., & Mittermeier, R.A. editors.
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